TABLE OF CONTENTS
Descriptive Summary
Biographical Note
Scope and Contents
Arrangement
Restrictions
Index Terms
Related Material
Administrative Information
Description of Series
Series I: Correspondence, 1846-1927
Series II: Drawings, Photographs, Reproductions of
Paintings
Series III: Public proclamations, acts, and decrees,
1859-1906 (bulk 1863-1869)
Series IV: Newsclippings, 1895-1947
Series V: Sheet Music, 1859-1908, and undated
Series VI: Microfilm
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Guide to the Charlotte and Maximilian Collection,
1846-1927
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Creator: |
Carlota, consort of Maximilian, Emperor of
Mexico, 1840-1927. |
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Title |
Charlotte and Maximilian
Collection
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Dates: |
1846-1927 |
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Abstract: |
Original letters from
Charlotte of Belgium, chiefly as Carlota, Empress of Mexico; papers of Felix
Eloin, Maximilian’s chef du cainet civil; photographs, engravings, and drawings
of Charlotte, of Mexico City, and of members of the Mexican military. Mexican
sheet music from 1859-1908 and newsclippings also reflect the colection' s main
subjects of political and military matters in Mexico during the reign of
Emperor Maxilimilian, the role of Juan Benitez and other political figures of
the time, and 19th century Mexican poltical history in general. |
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ID |
MS 356 |
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Extent |
4 cu. ft. |
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Language |
Materials are in Spanish, English, and French. |
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Repository: |
Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University,
Houston, TX |
Charlotte (Coburg) of Belgium (1840-1927),
daughter of Leopold of Belgium (1790-1865), and Louise of France (1812-1850)
married Maximilian, Archduke of Austria in 1857. Carlota, as she was known in
Mexico, was eager to establish European rule in Mexico after her father
rejected the Mexican throne in her youth. She accompanied Maximilian to Mexico
in 1864. During her years in Mexico, the first signs of mental illness emerged.
In 1866, she left Mexico to solicit the financial support of Napoleon III and
never returned. Her mental illness worsened and she eventually was committed to
a mental hospital in Austria where she died in 1927.
Ferdinand Maximilian (Hapsburg) Archduke of
Austria and Emperor of Mexico (1864-67) was the younger brother of Austrian
Emperor Franz Joseph (1830-1916), son of Franz Karl (1802-1878) and Sophia of
Bavaria. He married Charlotte of Belgium in 1857 and, after serving posts as
governor of Lombardy and Venetia, accepted the Mexican crown in 1864. The
French withdrew support of foreign rule in Mexico in 1865, but Maximilian
remained in Mexico and briefly retained the throne. In 1867, he was captured by
Benito Juarez's troops, tried, and executed.
Juan
Almonte was a Mexican General, a member of the Conservatives and a
Mexican ambassador to Paris.
Louis Forey was
a French general and commander-in-chief of the French troops in Mexico under
Napoleon III.
Leonardo Marquez (1820-1913)
began his military career in the Texas campaign of the 1830s. During the War of
the Reform (1858-60), he fought on the side of the Conservatives and later
supported the monarchy of Maximilian during the period of French Intervention
(1862-67). After the fall of the Empire, Marquez went into exile in Cuba.
Historical setting: In 1861, Mexican
liberals, under the leadership of Benito Juarez, made a triumphant return to
Mexico City. They had won the War of Reform and finally passed the 1857
constitution into law. The Conservatives withdrew from Mexico City, taking with
them the bulk of the treasury and plotting the reestablishment of the monarchy
under foreign rule. In 1862, Napoleon III persuaded Britain and Spain to join
him in sending forces to occupy positions around the Mexican coast until Juarez
settled the Mexican debts, but agreed not to seek territorial rights or to
interfere with the government of the country. Shortly after this decision,
however, in the secret convention of Miramar, Napoleon III concluded that
Mexico desired to be ruled by a foreign monarch. Napolean based this decision
on information provided by the Conservatives in Mexico.
Napoleon III
chose Archduke Maximilian of Austria to become "Emperor of Mexico." Against the
wishes of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, Maximilian's brother, Maximilian
accepted the crown offered to him by a delegation of Mexican Conservatives on
April 10, 1864. Initially, Napoleon III sent six thousand troops to march on
the capital. Despite their superior weapons and numbers, the Mexicans defeated
the French at Puebla on the 5th of May (Cinco de Mayo), still celebrated as a
national holiday in Mexico.
With this defeat, Napoleon III sent over
20,000 troops and Benito Juarez withdrew from Mexico City. Maximilian soon
realized that the French government had been misled by the conservatives. He
attempted to compose a cabinet of moderates, yet his generals, Leonardo Marquez
and Miguel Miromon were leading Conservatives. By 1865, the United States
demanded that the French withdraw their troops from Mexico and Napoleon III
complied. Maximilian stayed on, and grew increasingly dependent on dwindling
Conservative support. Charlotte traveled to Paris in 1866 to appeal to Napoleon
III to send troops.
Charlotte failed to convince Napoleon to continue the
war effort and never returned to Mexico. Soon after her return to Europe, she
was declared insane and spent the rest of her days in an Austrian institution.
Without French support, Maximilian was taken prisoner, put on trial, and
finally executed by firing squad on March 19, 1867.
Return to the Table of Contents
Original letters from Charlotte of Belgium, chiefly as Carlota, Empress
of Mexico; papers of Felix Eloin, Maximilian’s chef du cainet civil, containing
letterpress copybooks, letters, memoranda, and notes by, to, and about Eloin.
Also includes photographs, engravings, and drawings of Charlotte, of Mexico
City, and of members of the Mexican military. Published materials include
broadsides, decrees, and newsclippings regarding Maximilian’s reign in Mexico.
Mexican sheet music from 1859-1908 and newsclippings from Mexican newspapers
reflect on the reign of Maximilian in Mexico, the role of Juan Benitez, and
other political figures of the time, and 19th century Mexican poltical history
in general, dating from 1895-1947.
Return to the Table of Contents
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Arrangement |
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Series I: Correspondence, 1846-1927 |
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Series II: Drawings, Photographs, Reproductions of Paintings |
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Series III: Public proclamations, acts, and decrees, 1859-1906
(bulk 1863-1869) |
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Series IV: Newsclippings, 1895-1947 |
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Series V: Sheet Music, 1859-1908, and undated |
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Series VI: Microfilm |
Return to the Table of Contents
Access Restrictions
There are no restrictions on access to
these papers.
Use Restrictions
Permission to publish material from the Charlotte and Maximilian
Collection must be obtained from the Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library,
Rice University.
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Subjects (Persons) |
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Juárez, Benito, 1806-1872. |
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Carlota, consort of
Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, 1840-1927. |
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Maximilian, Emperor of
Mexico, 1832-1867. |
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Marie-Amélie, Queen,
consort of Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 1782-1866--Correspondence.
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Napoleon I, Emperor of the
French, 1769-1821--Correspondence. |
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Bazaine, Achille François,
1811-1888. |
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Metternich, Melanie,
Fürstin von, 1805-1854--Correspondence. |
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Herzfeld,
Stephen--Correspondence. |
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Bombelles, Karl,
Count--Correspondence. |
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Louis-Philippe, King of the
French, 1773-1850--Correspondence. |
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Nemours,
Louis-Charles-Philippe Raphaël d'Orleans, duc de, 1814-1896--Correspondence.
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Philippe, comte de
Flandres, 1837-1905--Correspondence. |
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Eloin, E. J. Felix,
1819-1888 -- Correspondence. |
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Subjects (Organizations) |
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Mexico. President
(1858-1872 : Juárez) |
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Subjects |
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Emperors--Mexico. |
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Mexican War, 1846-1848.
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Empresses--Mexico. |
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Presidents--Mexico.
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Mexico--History--European
intervention, 1861-1867. |
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Mexico--Politics and
government--19th century. |
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Mexico--Kings and rulers.
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Formats |
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Correspondence. |
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Photographs. |
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Newsclippings. |
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Broadsides. |
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Sheet music. |
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See also article by Beth Wray "The Mexican
Empire: History in Letters,"
Fondren Library Bulletin, N.S.
vol. 5, no.2 (Sept. 1977).
See on-line exhibit of selected portions of
this collection at http://www.rice.edu/fondren/exhibits/carlota/index.html
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Return to the Table of Contents
Charlotte and Maximilian Collection, 1846-1927, Woodson Research
Center, Fondren Library, Rice University
Some materials in this collection were purchased at auction and others
were donated in 1964-65, and 1976. See administrative file for further
information.
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Series I: Correspondence, 1846-1927 |
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Subseries A: Original Correspondence |
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Charlotte's letters as Princess of the Belgians span
the period 1846-1865, and are addressed principally to her grandmother, exiled
Queen Marie Amélie of France. The letters written in 1864 and 1865 dwell on
Maximilian's acceptance of the Mexican throne and of political and military
matters in Mexico. There are also letters (1850-1866) to her grandfather, King
Louis Philippe; to her uncle, the Duc de Nemours; from Marie Amélie; and from
Charlotte's brother, Philippe, Comte de Flandres. The final letter in
Charlotte's hand is dated 1905, almost four decades after the onset of her
mental illness. |
| box |
folder |
| 1 |
1 |
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Charlotte to grandparents, 1846-1865 (53
als) |
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2 |
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Charlotte to Felix Eloin, 1864-1865, n.d. (49 als and
memos) |
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3 |
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Charlotte to Uncle (Duc de Nemours), 1855-56 (8
als) |
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4 |
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Charlotte to the Countess Maria Agnazia Lutzow Teulada
(June 16, 1862) |
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5 |
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Charlotte’s manuscripts/writings, c. 1856,
1869 |
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6 |
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Re: Charlotte’s madness and death, 1866-1927 (7
als) |
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7 |
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Maximilian to the Baroness Luise von Gudenau (February
11, 1865); and anonymous to Maximilian (to ‘Señor’ from ‘Señor’) |
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8 |
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Philippe, Comte de Flandres, to grandmother and uncle,
1850-1866 (10 als) |
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9 |
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To and from Marie Amélie, Queen of France, 1857-1864 (3
als) |
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10 |
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Telegram drafts from Charlotte and other unidentified
authors, undated |
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11 |
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Felix Eloin letterpress copybooks (2), 1865-1866
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12 |
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Felix Eloin letters, copies, drafts, 1864-1868 and
undated |
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13 |
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Reports and dossiers, 1857-1864 and undated, Felix
Eloin |
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14 |
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Felix Eloin letters, diaries, 1864-1866,
undated |
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15 |
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Miscellaneous papers, including Journal de Mme de Courcy
(extraits) |
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Subseries B: Photocopies of Original
Correspondence |
| box |
folder |
| 2 |
1 |
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Photocopies, Charlotte to grandparents,
1846-1865 |
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2 |
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Photocopies, Charlotte’s manuscripts/writings, c.
1856 |
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3 |
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Photocopies, Charlotte to uncle, Duc de Nemours,
1855-56 |
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4 |
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Photocopies, Charlotte to Eloin |
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5 |
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Photocopies, telegram drafts, undated |
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6 |
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Photocopies, Charlotte’s madness and death,
1866-1927 |
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7 |
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Photocopies, Philippe, Comte de Flandres, to grandmother
and uncle, 1850-1866 |
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8 |
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Photocopies, to and from Marie Amélie, Queen of France,
1857-1864 |
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9 |
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Photocopies, Felix Eloin letterpress copybooks,
1865-1866 |
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Series II: Drawings, Photographs, Reproductions of
Paintings |
| box |
folder |
| 1 |
16 |
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Mexican, French, Italian views (including churches,
castles, public squares) |
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17 |
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Drawings of unidentified interior with figures, color
drawing of Maximilian’s crest, b/w photograph of Maxilimilian’s Mexican saddle
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18 |
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Reproductions of paintings |
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19 |
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Photographs, engravings, drawings, and prints of Charlotte
and family, and Col. Pedro Gonzales |
| box |
folder |
| 3 |
1 |
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Two 6” x 10.5” albums include views of Mexico, Mexico
City, Cholula pyramid, urban street scenes, rural landscapes, Chapultepec
exteriors and interiors, Paseo de la Reforma, other churches, and bridges. No
date, but possibly circa 1890s. |
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2 |
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One 4” x 6” album features photographs of Maximilian,
Carlotta, Mexican Delegation, and members of the military and government
including Juan Almonte, Augustin de Iturbide y Aramburo, Manuel de la Barcena,
Miguel Barragan, Valentin Canalizo, Pedro Celestino Negrete, Juan B. Cevallas,
Miguel Dominguez, Louis Forey, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Leonardo Marquez,
Mariano Michelena, Joaquin Miramon, and others. |
Return to the Table of Contents
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Series III: Public proclamations, acts, and decrees,
1859-1906 (bulk 1863-1869) |
| box |
folder |
| 4 |
1 |
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Autograph manuscript letter from Gutierrez de Estrada,
January 10, 1864 |
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2 |
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Color drawing of Maximilian’s carriage (no
date) |
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3 |
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Division de la Ciudad de México por Manzanas,
1863 |
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4 |
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Memoria – Que, para servir á la historia de la Guerra de
Tres Años, by Norberto Castro; 1906 |
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5 |
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Recopilacion de Leyes, Decretos, Bandos, Reglamentos,
Circulares y Providencias de los Supremos Poderos y otras Autoridades de la
Republica Mexicana, L. B. José Arrillaga, 1864 |
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6 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio . . . March 30, 1863 |
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7 |
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Broadside (no. 20): Sotero de la Torre, March 10,
1863 |
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8 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio, February 28, 1863 |
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9 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio, February 18, 1863 |
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10 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio, March 6, 1863 |
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11 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio, March 6, 1863 |
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12 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio, February 12, 1863 |
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13 |
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Broadside: Severo Cosio, January 24, 1863 |
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14 |
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Ley sobre Division Territorial del Imperio Mexicano,
1865 |
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15 |
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Albert Hans, La Guerre du Mexique selon les Mexicains,
1899 |
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16 |
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Actas de la Junta de la Ciudad de
Guanajuato…1864 |
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17 |
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5 de Mayo de 1862. Glorioso Recuerdo Historico por Juan de
Marin, 1887 |
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18 |
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Newspaper: Diario Oficial del Supremo Gobierno, Mexico,
July 12, 1859 |
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19 |
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Documents, newspapers (bound together),
1859-1860 |
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20 |
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Broadside: Secretario de Estado y del Despacho: De
Relaciones Esteriores y Gobernacion, 1863 |
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21 |
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Letter regarding publication of radical views in
opposition to the Empire, August 23, 1869 |
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22 |
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Proclamation concerning abuses in the public
administration, January 31, 1865 |
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23 |
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Regulation and Organization of the Armed Forces – for
Maximilian, December 28, 1864 |
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24 |
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Proclamation naming Conde de Germiny representative for
Maximilian in France, June 14, 1864 |
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25 |
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Instructions to government heads from Maximilian on
uniform enforcement of the laws, November 3, 1864 |
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26 |
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Directive from Maximilian for each district to establish
and pay a local guard to secure the Empire, November 7, 1864 |
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27 |
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Directive from Jesús María Aguilar, Prefect of Nuevo Leon,
to parish priests instructing them on Maximilian’s record-keeping procedure,
December 26, 1864 |
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28 |
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Imperial decree restoring right of debtor of government to
be paid, June 29, 1863 |
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29 |
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Imperial Regency regulation on ownership of arms and
implements of war, July 28, 1863 |
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30 |
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Dispatch from Provisional Executive Supreme Power
concerning government orders, July 1, 1863 |
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31 |
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Government dispatch concerning foreign relations, July 11,
1863 |
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32 |
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Government dispatch overturning property confiscations
made under former government of D. Benito Juarez, August 17, 1863 |
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33 |
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Regulation for the general public archives of the Empire,
August 24, 1863 |
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34 |
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Government dispatch concerning military commanders,
October 7, 1863 |
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35 |
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Government dispatch concerning former dissidents of the
government, October 8, 1863 |
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36 |
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Message from Secretary of State concerning medals
presented for government service, October 14, 1863 |
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37 |
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Dispatch from Secretary of State prohibiting non-official
proclamations or manifestos, October 30, 1868 |
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38 |
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Plea from General de Castagny for acceptance of Maximilian
as sovereign (undated - 1863?) |
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39 |
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Government dispatch concerning justice in church matters
and public instruction, December 19, 1863 |
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40 |
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Government dispatch concerning uniforms and dress codes
for Imperial assistants, December 20, 1863 |
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41 |
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Government dispatch listing new liquor and wine
regulations to alleviate problems with drunkenness, December 23,
1863 |
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42 |
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Government dispatch with regulations concerning military
personnel who had previously been enlisted in the ranks of dissidents, January
9, 1864 |
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43 |
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Government dispatch concerning administration of justice,
January 18, 1864 |
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44 |
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Government dispatch concerning administration of justice
in church matters and public instruction, January 21, 1864 |
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45 |
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Government dispatch concerning awards and decorations for
military personnel, April 6, 1854 |
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46 |
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Certificate for pensioner (blank form) issued by
government department of public finance and credit (no date) |
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47 |
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Government dispatch concerning adoption of the French
metric decimal system for Imperial monetary system, April 8, 1864 |
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48 |
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Government dispatch concerning prohibition of fabrication
and sale of arms and gunpowder, April 15, 1864 |
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49 |
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Government dispatch concerning regulation of imported
goods and duties levied, May 9, 1864 |
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50 |
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Government dispatch concerning foreign imports and
customhouses, May 19, 1864 |
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51 |
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Government dispatch concerning maritime and border
customhouses and confiscations, May 19, 1864 |
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52 |
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Government dispatch concerning reception of the Emperor
and Empress at the capital, June 17, 1864 |
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53 |
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Government dispatch regarding invalid or illegal nature of
contracts made with former government of D. Benito Juarez, July 23,
1863 |
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54 |
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Introductory announcement of authority as new Prefect of
District of Monterey, Jesus María Aguilar, September 1, 1864 |
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55 |
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Circular no. 3 from Prefect of the District of Monterey
regarding recognition of and submission to Imperial authority by officials of
Monterey, September 5, 1864 |
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56 |
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Circular no. 4 from Prefect of Monterey naming judges for
judicial positions, September 5, 1864 |
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57 |
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Circular no. 5 from Prefect of Monterey concerning
villages failing to denounce bandits who oppose government authority, September
18, 1864 |
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58 |
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General de Castagny, list of provisional Judges awaiting
government ratification, September 5, 1864 |
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59 |
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Circular no. 19 from Military Headquarters of Nuevo-Leon
concerning Republican uprising against Maximilian’s authority, March 27,
1867 |
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60 |
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Engravings of General Taylor at Monterrey (Mexican War),
no date |
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61 |
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Engravings of Major Dix at the Battle of Buena Vista
(Mexican War), no date |
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62 |
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Engravings of Battle of Buena Vista (Mexican War), no
date |
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63 |
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Engraving of Battle of Chippewa (Mexican War), no
date |
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64 |
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Engravings of American Engineer Conveying Dispatches
(Mexican War), no date |
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Series IV: Newsclippings, 1895-1947 |
| box |
folder |
| 5 |
1 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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2 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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3 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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4 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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5 |
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Newspaper clippings |
| box |
folder |
| 6 |
1 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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2 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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3 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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4 |
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Newspaper clippings |
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Series V: Sheet Music, 1859-1908, and undated |
| box |
| 7 |
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#159, “El Bosque” (Waltz), by Agustin Benites,
undated |
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#160, “Al Genio de la Guerra”, by Jesus Valadez,
undated |
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#161, “La Concha Nacar” (Waltz), by F. Erezuma,
undated |
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#162, “El 5 De Mayo” (Military polka), by Alejo Infante,
undated |
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#163, !!Adelante!! (Patriotic March), by Unknown,
undated |
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#164, “Al Ilustre Gral” (Hymn), by Maria Garfias,
undated |
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#165, “Marcha Zaragoza” (Printed in German in Leipzig), by
Aniceto Ortega, undated |
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#166, “Marcha Zaragoza” (Printed in Mexico), by Aniceto
Ortega, 1867 |
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#167, “Puebla de Zaragosa” (March), by Melesio Morales,
1869 |
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#168, “La Constancia” (Mazurka), by Jose Ponce de Leon,
1859 |
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#169, “Marcha Juarez”, by Jose Martinez,
undated |
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#170, !!Dios Salve a la Nacion!! (Prayer), by Maria
Garfias, 1862 |
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#171, !!Mexico Libre!! (Triumphal March), by Unknown,
unknown |
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#172, “Benito Juarez” (March), by Maria Garfias,
unknown |
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#173, Patriotic Hymn, by J. Cuevas, 1867 |
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#174, Patriotic Hymn, by Jose Maria Fuentes,
1870 |
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#175, “A la Tomba de Juarez” (Funeral March), by A.
Pacheco, unknown |
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#176, “Al 18 de Julio” (Illustrated pamphlet), by M.G.
Perez & H. Barron, eds., 1892 |
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#177, Patriotic Hymn, by Susano R. Robles,
1899 |
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#178, Hymn to Juarez (School song), by Aurelio Machorro,
unknown |
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#179, Triumphal Hymn to B. Juarez, by Eduardo Trucco,
1908 |
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#180, !!Victoria!! (Paso Doble), by Julio M. Morales,
unknown |
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#181, “Las Garantias” (Mazurka), by J.M. Perez de Leon,
unknown |
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#182, “Los Cazadores de Austria” (Military Polka), by Luis
Baragan, unknown |
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#183, “Gran Marcha”, by Rodolfo Mattiozzi,
unknown |
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#184, “Gran Marcha National”, by Antonio de Maria Campos,
1864 |
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#185, “Las Campanitas” (Mazurka), by J.D.R. Sawerthal,
unknown |
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#186, “Arlequin” (Polka), by J.D.R. Sawerthal,
unknown |
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#187, “La Humiandad” (Polka), by J.D.R. Sawerthal,
unknown |
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#188, (Waltz), by J.D.R. Sawerthal, unknown |
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#189, “Los Ecos Mexicanos” (Dance collection), by Emilio
Palant, unknown |
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#190, “Recuerdos de la opera comica” (Quadrille), by
Emilio Palant, unknown |
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#191, “Pilar” (Habenera), by Emilio Palant,
unknown |
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#192, “Recuerdo de Spa Redowa”, by Emilio Palant,
unknown |
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Series VI: Microfilm |
| box |
| 8 |
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Militares belges du Service de L’etranger; dossier
general, du 12 Dec. 1862, 2 reels |
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Letters and memoranda in the hand of Carlota and notes
form files of Felix Eloin |
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