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Table of Contents

  1. Texas lignite : near-surface and deep-basin resources
    1. Introduction Past and Recent Events

    2. Energy Demand: The Role of Texas Lignite

    3. Acknowledgments

    4. Geographic Distribution

    5. Definitions

    6. Distribution

    7. Geologic Occurence

    8. Fluvial Lignite

    9. Deltaic Lignite

    10. Lagoonal Lignite

    11. Near-Surface Deposits

    12. Wilcox Group

    13. East Texas

    14. Central Texas

    15. South Texas

    16. Yegua Formation and Jackson Group

    17. Southeast Texas.

    18. South Texas.

    19. Potential Resources

    20. Grade

    21. Production

    22. Mining Practice and Utilization

    23. Mining practice

    24. Utilization

    25. Environmental Factors

    26. Land and water

    27. Pollution

    28. Land disturbance

    29. Deep-Basin Deposits

    30. Method

    31. Geologic Occurrence

    32. Wilcox Group.

    33. Yegua Formation and Jackson Group.—

    34. Potential Resources

    35. Underground Gasification of Coal

    36. Current technology

    37. Environmental factors

    38. Economics

    39. Outlook for Texas

    40. Conclusions

  2. Illustrations
    1. Untitled

    2. Figure 1. Distribution of Texas near-surface lignite.

    3. Figure 2. Distribution of Texas deep-basin lignite.

    4. Figure 3. Sedimentation patterns and the occurrence of fluvial and deltaic lignite (see figs. 4 and 7 for well locations).

    5. Figure 4. Distribution of East Texas Wilcox lignite. Wilcox outcrop from Darton and others, 1937; lithofacies mapping from Fisher and McGowen, 1967; lignite occurrences from Perkins and Lonsdale, 1955.

    6. Figure 5. Swamp and marsh zonation of Mississippi delta and lower alluvial plain; from Frazier and Osanik, 1969.

    7. Figure 6. Cross section through Mississippi River backswamp peat (see fig. 5 for location).

    8. Figure 10. Modern deltaic peats: blanket vs. interdistributary peat.

    9. Figure 11. Sedimentation patterns and the occurrence of lagoonal lignite (see figs. 12 and 13 for well locations).

    10. Figure 12. Distribution of South Texas Wilcox lignite. Wilcox outcrop from Darton and others, 1937; Wilcox depositional systems from Fisher and McGowen, 1967.

    11. Figure 14. Holocene prograding beach sequence.

    12. Figure 15. Representative electric log illustrating Wilcox stratigraphy and sedimentation (see fig. 7 for well location).

    13. Figure 16. Regional variation in ash content of Texas lignite (as-received basis).

    14. Figure 17. Regional variation in sulfur content of Texas lignite (as-received basis).

    15. Figure 18. Regional variation in heating value of Texas lignite (as-received basis).

    16. Figure 19. Geophysical log response of lignite: electric log vs. induction log (see fig. 7 for well location)

    17. Figure 20. Representative electric logs illustrating Wilcox stratigraphy and deep-basin lignite occurrence (see fig. 7 for well locations).

    18. Figure 21. (left) Representative electric log illustrating Yegua stratigraphy and deep-basin lignite occurrence (see fig. 8 for well location).

    19. Figure 22. In situ gasification technology applicable to gently dipping coal seams.

62

Mi-2.

Mine sample, American Lignite Briquette Company, Rockdale; probably air-dried on as-received basis; no. 57, Phillips and others, 1911, pp. 45, 46.

Mi-3. Mine sample, deep seam, American Lignite Briquette Company, Rockdale; no. 420, Phillips and Worrell, 1913, p. 101; no. 1336, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-4. Boiler room sample, American Lignite Briquette Company; Phillips and Worrell, 1913, p. 101; no. 1329, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-5. Mine sample, Aransas Pass Lignite Company, Rockdale; no. 1543, Phillips, 1902, pp. 51, 53, and Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 87, 88; no. 1335, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-6.

Mine sample, Big Lump mine, Rockdale; no. 1542, Phillips, 1902, pp. 51, 53, and Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 87, 88; no. 1334, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-7.

Mine sample, Big Lump mine, Rockdale; no. 7271, Lord and others, 1913, p. 189.

Mi-8.

Mine sample, Big Lump mine, Rockdale; Phillips and Worrell, 1913, p. 106.

Mi-9.

Mine sample, Black Diamond Coal Company, Rockdale; no. 1539, Phillips, 1902, pp. 51, 53, and Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 87, 88; no. 1331, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-10.

Mine sample, Burnett Fuel Company, Milano; B. E. G. no. 46; no. 1328, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-11.

Mine sample, Eggette Coal Company, Vogel Switch, Rockdale; no. 1540, Phillips, 1902, pp. 51, 53, and Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 87, 88; no. 1332, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-12.

Mine sample, J. J. Olsen & Son, Rockdale; no. 1541, Phillips, 1902, pp. 51, 53, and Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 87, 88; no. 1333, Schoch, 1918, pp. 82, 191.

Mi-13.

Mine sample, J. J. Olsen & Son, Rockdale; no. 2562, Lord and others, 1913, p. 189; Phillips and Worrell, 1913, p. 106; no. 1345, Schoch, 1918, pp. 83, 191.

Mi-14.

Mine sample, J. J. Olsen & Son, Rockdale; no. 2734, Lord and others, 1913, p. 189; Phillips and Worrell, 1 91 3, p. 1 06; no. 1 347, Schoch, 1 91 8, pp. 83, 1 91 .

Mi-15.

Mine sample, J. J. Olsen & Son, Rockdale; no. 2563, Lord and others, 1913, p. 189; Phillips and Worrell, 1913, p. 106; no. 1346, Schoch, 1918, pp. 83, 191.

Mi-16.

Producer-gas test sample, J. J. Olsen & Son, Rockdale; Holmes, 1908, p. 259.

Mi-17.

Car sample, Rockdale Consolidated Coal Company, Rockdale; apparently air-dried on as-received basis; no. 44, Phillips and others, 1911, pp. 45, 46; Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 202, 203.

Mi-18.

Mine sample, Rockdale Lignite Company, Rockdale; no. 28, Phillips and others, 1911, pp. 45, 46; no. 597, Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 202, 203; no. 1341, Schoch, 1918, pp. 83, 191.

Mi-19.

Mine sample, Rowlett & Wells, Rockdale; no. 25, Phillips and others, 1911, pp. 45, 46; no. 576, Phillips and Worrell, 1913, pp. 202, 203; no. 1340, Schoch, 1918, pp. 83, 191.

Mi-20.

Strip-mine sample, submitted by McAlester Fuel Company, McAlester, Oklahoma; Sandow mine, southwest of Rockdale; U.S.B.M. Coal Lab. no. C-38297; unnamed bed; no. 46257, Selvig and others, 1950, pp. 24, 60.